RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica agrava las enfermedades respiratorias, vasculares y el cáncer. La incidencia de la contaminación atmosférica en zonas de los municipios Centro Habana y Cerro sobre las enfermedades respiratorias durante el trienio 2015-2017, es el objetivo principal del presente estudio. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo del SO2, NO2 y material particulado menor de 10 micras. Se incluyeron valores de tendencia central, porcentaje de transgresión de concentraciones máximas admisibles (CMA), valores máximos y percentiles 90, 95 y 99. El PM10 es el mayor contribuyente al deterioro de la calidad del aire aun reduciéndose sus tenores. Los percentiles muestran al año 2015 con mayor presencia de PM10, NO2 y SO2, este último vuelve a superar la CMA en el percentil 99 en el año 2017. La estimación de riesgos asociados a altas concentraciones de SO2, NO2 y PM10, mostró que mejora la calidad del aire, pero persisten riesgos de salud, sobre todo para el PM10. El Área de Salud Abel Santamaría, fue la más afectada en indicadores de salud en el trienio. Se recomienda combinar los resultados del monitoreo de contaminantes atmosféricos con la vigilancia epidemiológica, evaluando funciones concentración-respuesta propias, e incorporar mediciones meteorológicas para conocer su influencia sobre los contaminantes a evaluar.

ABSTRACT Air pollution aggravates respiratory and vascular diseases and cancer. The incidence of air pollution in areas of the Centro Habana and Cerro municipalities on respiratory diseases during the 2015-2017 triennium is the main objective of this study. A descriptive observational study of SO2, NO2 and particulate matter smaller than 10 microns was carried out. Values of central tendency, percentage of transgression of maximum admissible concentrations (CMA), maximum values and 90th, 95th and 99th percentiles were included. PM10 is the greatest contributor to the deterioration of air quality even though its contents are reduced. The percentiles show the year 2015 with a greater presence of PM10, NO2 and SO2, the latter once again exceeding the CMA at the 99th percentile in 2017. The estimation of risks associated with high concentrations of SO2, NO2 and PM10, showed that air quality improves, but health risks persist, especially for PM10. The Abel Santamaría Health Area was the most affected in terms of health indicators in the three-year period. It is recommended to combine the results of the monitoring of air pollutants with epidemiological surveillance, evaluating their own concentration-response functions, and incorporating meteorological measurements to determine their influence on the pollutants to be evaluated.

ABSTRACT Atmospheric pollution affects the state of the environment in megacities, which is why this descriptive observational study was carried out in 2015-2017 in Centro Habana and Cerro, using as results of the INHEM air monitoring station the pollutants SO2, NO2 and PM10. Objectives: To describe air pollution in areas of the Centro Habana and Cerro municipalities for the pollutants mentioned. Methodology: A descriptive observational study of the pollutants was carried out, including values of central tendency, percentage of transgression of maximum admissible concentrations (MAC), maximum values and percentiles 90, 95 and 99 and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient for the Hypothesis significance test. H0. A multiple linear regression model was used together with the meteorological variables. Results: The percentiles show the year 2015 as the highest recorded air pollution, with the highest presence of PM10, NO2 and SO2, the latter once again exceeding the CMA at the 99th percentile in 2017. Conclusions: In 2015 the highest atmospheric pollution was reached, with PM10 being the largest contributor to air deterioration. The daily figures of these pollutants were correlated with the meteorological variables studied. Recommendations: Incorporate meteorological measurements at the INHEM station to find out their influence on the pollutants to be evaluated.

RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica incide en el estado del medio ambiente de las megaciudades, de ahí que se haya realizado este estudio observacional descriptivo en 2015-2017 en Centro Habana y Cerro, utilizando como resultados de la estación de monitoreo del aire del INHEM los contaminantes SO2, NO2 y material particulado menor de 10 micras (PM10). Objetivos: Describir la contaminación atmosférica en zonas de los municipios Centro Habana y Cerro para los contaminantes citados. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de los contaminantes incluyendo valores de tendencia central, porcentaje de transgresión de concentraciones máximas admisibles (CMA), valores máximos y percentiles 90, 95 y 99 y Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman para la prueba de significación de Hipótesis H0. Se utilizó modelo de regresión lineal múltiple junto a las variables meteorológicas. Resultados: Los percentiles muestran al año 2015, como el de mayor contaminación atmosférica registrada, con mayor presencia de PM10, NO2 y SO2, este último vuelve a superar la CMA en el percentil 99 en el año 2017. Conclusiones: En 2015 se alcanzó la mayor contaminación atmosférica, siendo el PM10 el mayor contribuyente al deterioro del aire. Las cifras diarias de estos contaminantes se correlacionaron con las variables meteorológicas estudiadas. Recomendaciones: Incorporar mediciones meteorológicas en la estación del INHEM para conocer su influencia sobre los contaminantes a evaluar.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Face transplantation has gained recognition, changing the clinicalsurgical scenario for restoring complex facial defects, as it attributes functional and aesthetic recovery to patients who have suffered serious accidents. At the time of writing this article, in official publications, 43 patients had already undergone facial transplantation worldwide. Face transplantation has numerous pieces of evidence that can irrefutably provide improvements to the patient. For this, preoperative care for the patient must be carefully established so that there is good surgical performance. Case Report: Male patient, 46 years old, reports that, at the age of 6, he had burns due to exposure to gasoline, with 72% of his body surface burned, showing sequelae of burns and surgical reconstructions on the face, with redundant and ptotic skin flap on the left cheek, absence of upper and lower lip and exposure of lower teeth. Conclusion: It is important to publicize this innovative procedure in different medical specialties and preoperative care through a thorough investigation, which attributes better surgical effectiveness, allowing the rescue of their facial identity, once stigmatized.

RESUMO Introdução: O transplante de face adquiriu reconhecimento, alterando o panorama clínico-cirúrgico para a restauração de defeitos faciais complexos, visto que atribui recuperação funcional e estética a pacientes que sofreram acidentes graves. Até o momento da redação deste artigo, em publicações oficiais, 43 pacientes já haviam realizado o transplante facial em todo mundo. O transplante de face possui inúmeras evidências que podem fornecer melhorias ao paciente de forma irrefutável. Para isso, cuidados pré-operatórios ao paciente devem ser cuidadosamente estabelecidos para que haja um bom desempenho cirúrgico. Relato de Caso: Paciente sexo masculino, 46 anos, relata que, aos 6 anos de idade, teve queimadura por exposição à gasolina, com 72% de superfície corporal queimada, apresentando sequelas de queimaduras e reconstruções cirúrgicas na face, com retalho cutâneo redundante e ptótico em bochecha esquerda, ausência de lábio superior e inferior e exposição dos dentes inferiores. Conclusão: Ressalta-se a importância da divulgação desse procedimento inovador em diferentes especialidades médicas e dos cuidados pré-operatórios através de uma investigação minuciosa, que atribuem uma melhor eficácia cirúrgica, possibilitando o resgate de sua identidade facial, uma vez estigmatizada.

Abstract Background: The appearance and spread of carbapenems-resistant Enterobacterales have generated a major impact on health care-associated infections worldwide. Recently, a Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak expressing OXA-48 like-carbapenemases was detected in Chile, the first reported cases corresponded to hospitalized patients mainly from northern Chile. Aim: To characterize the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility of 16 clinical isolates referred during May 2021 from Antofagasta and Metropolitan regions to the Reference Laboratory of Instituto de Salud Publica. Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility of all strains was analyzed using traditional (Kirby-Bauer and epsilometry) and automated methods, and complemented with colorimetric, immunochromatographic and molecular (PCR and PFGE) techniques. Results: As a result of the genetic characterization, blaoxa-48 and blaoxa-232 genes were detected, showing the isolates an unusual resistance profile to both carbapenems (ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem) and cephalosporins (cefepime, cefotaxime, and ceftazidine), as well as piperacillin/ tazobactam and temocillin. Two subtypes were detected by PFGE, with a predominant clone CL-Kpn-Spe-329 (93.8%), with two resistance mechanisms identified: carbapenemase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Conclusion: Due to this epidemiological alert, it is essential the establishment of national guidelines for early detection, surveillance, and control of future outbreaks of OXA-48 like carbapenemases isolates.

Resumen Introducción: La aparición y diseminación de Enterobacterales resistentes a carbapenémicos ha generado un gran impacto en las infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud en el mundo. Recientemente, en Chile se detectó un brote por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasas tipo oxacilinasas (OXA) de la subfamilia tipo OXA-48, reportándose los primeros casos en pacientes hospitalizados mayoritariamente en la zona norte del país. Objetivo: Determinar los perfiles fenotípicos, genotípicos y de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de 16 cepas referidas durante mayo del año 2021 desde las regiones de Antofagasta y Metropolitana al Laboratorio de Referencia del Instituto de Salud Pública. Metodología: Las cepas provenientes de muestras clínicas fueron analizadas mediante técnicas tradicionales (Kirby-Bauer y epsilometría) y automatizadas, además de técnicas colorimétricas, inmunocromatográficas y moleculares (RPC y PFGE). Resultados: Se detectó la presencia de los genes blaoxa-48 y blaoxa-232 con una resistencia inusual, tanto a carbapenémicos (ertapenem, imipenem y meropenem) como a cefalosporinas (cefepime, cefotaxima y ceftazidima), además de piperacilina/tazobactam y temocilina. Se detectaron dos subtipos por PFGE, siendo predominante el clon CL-Kpn-Spe-329 (93,8%) con dos mecanismos de resistencia identificados: carbapenemasa y β-lactamasa de espectro extendido (BLEE). Conclusión: Ante esta alerta epidemiológica es necesario unificar criterios existentes en la red asistencial nacional para la oportuna detección, vigilancia y control de posibles brotes de cepas productores de oxacilinasa tipo OXA-48.

Resumen La crisis humanitaria en la frontera afroeuropea urge a revisar las políticas europeas de migración y refugio. Asunto dado por las concepciones ultraproteccionistas europeas. En realidad, las migraciones mediterráneas y africanas no justifican todas estas reservas. Las políticas europeas están creando daños personales irreparables y perjuicios a los fundamentos de nuestro ordenamiento, además de ayudar al crimen organizado. Conjunto de cosas analizados en este artículo, contrastando las principales medidas practicadas con los malos resultados obtenidos. Cuestión de donde sólo surge el clamor contra las posturas restrictivas que se han desarrollado sobre las migraciones. Lamentablemente, con ello, nadie puede eludir la responsabilidad de Europa en el mayor desastre en esta materia.

Abstract The humanitarian crisis on the Afro-European border makes it urgent to examine European migration and refugee policies, an issue given by ultra-protective European conceptions. In reality, the Mediterranean and African migrations do not justify all these reservations. European policies are creating irreparable personal harms and damage to the foundations of the legal system, in addition to helping organized crime. This article analyzes all this set of aspects, contrasting the main measures practiced with the poor results obtained, an is- sue that only arises the outcry against the restrictive positions that have been developed on migrations. Unfortunately, it´s not possible to avoid Europe's responsibility in the greatest disaster in this matter.

ABSTRACT A major challenge in the management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the selection of patients who would benefit from surgical treatment. Tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) indicate renal cell stress and are associated with cell cycle arrest. The [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] ratio (Nephrocheck®) has been recently applied in patients in intensive care units patients to predict the development of acute kidney injury. In this study, we evaluated the performance of these biomarkers performance to distinguishing obstructive hydronephrosis (HN) from non-obstructive HN. Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients with UPJO were enrolled in this study. Urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] and clinical characteristics (hydronephrosis grade, differential renal function, and drainage half-time) were measured in the following groups: 26 children with obstructive HN at initial diagnosis (group 1A) and after six months of dismembered pyeloplasty (group 1B); 22 children with non-obstructive HN (group 2), and 26 children without any urinary tract condition, as the control group (group 3). Results: Comparing the initial samples, [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] had higher levels in the HN groups and lower levels in the control group; however, no difference was observed between the HN groups (obstructive vs. non-obstructive). After six months of follow-up, patients who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty showed stability in the urinary concentration of [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7]. All patients with [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] higher than 1.0 (ng/mL)2/1000 had diffuse cortical atrophy on ultrasonography. Conclusions: We showed that urinary levels of urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] are higher in children with HN than controls. Nephrocheck® is not reliable in predicting the need for surgical intervention for pediatric patients with UPJO.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, the nasal application of recombinant human IFN-alpha- 2b (nasalferon) began in personnel at risk in order to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Objective: To characterize the safety in those subjects exposed to the use of Nasalferon at the Surgical Medical Research Center and to explore the effect of the prophylactic use of the drug against acute respiratory symptoms mainly caused by SARS-CoV-2. Material and Methods: Monocentric, prospective, open, and early surveillance epidemiological study conducted in healthcare workers who were administered Nasalferon. Surveillance was performed using the Prescription-Related Adverse Event Monitoring Surveillance method. The main variable was the presence of adverse events. Secondarily, the effect of the drug in preventing virus infection was explored. For the analysis of the main variable, the proportion of subjects who experienced each of the adverse events was estimated. In addition, the frequency distribution of the type of event, intensity, severity, and causality or imputability were estimated. Results: A total of 86 subjects were included; 50 of them experienced 15 types of adverse events. No severe or serious events were reported. Headache, leukopenia, decay, and arterial hypertension were classified as moderate ones. During the whole duration of the treatment and until a month after it, none of the subjects included in the study presented COVID-19 or other viral acute respiratory symptoms. Conclusions: Nasalferon proved to be a safe and tolerable drug and the included subjects did not present acute respiratory symptoms related or unrelated to COVID-19.

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba se empezó la aplicación nasal de IFN alfa 2b recombinante humano (Nasalferon) en personal de riesgo para prevenir la infección por el SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: caracterizar la seguridad de los expuestos al uso del Nasalferon en el Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas y explorar el efecto del uso profiláctico del fármaco contra cuadros respiratorios agudos causados preferentemente por el SARS-CoV-2. Material y Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico monocéntrico, prospectivo, abierto, de vigilancia temprana en trabajadores sanitarios, a los que se le administró nasalferon. Se realizó la vigilancia mediante el método de Vigilancia del Monitoreo de Eventos Adversos Ligados a la Prescripción. La variable principal fue la presencia de eventos adversos. Secundariamente se exploró el efecto del fármaco en la prevención de infección por el virus. Para el análisis de la variable principal se estimó la proporción de sujetos con cada uno de los eventos adversos que se presentaron. Se estimaron, además, la distribución de frecuencia del tipo de evento, intensidad, gravedad y la causalidad o imputabilidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 86 sujetos, de ellos, 50 experimentaron 15 tipos de eventos adversos. No se reportaron eventos severos ni graves. Los catalogados como moderados fueron: cefalea, leucopenia, decaimiento e hipertensión arterial. Durante el tiempo que duró el tratamiento y hasta un mes después de este, ninguno de los sujetos incluidos presentó COVID-19 ni otros cuadros respiratorios agudos virales. Conclusiones: El Nasalferon resultó ser un fármaco seguro y tolerable y los sujetos incluidos no presentaron cuadros respiratorios agudos relacionados o no con la COVID-19.

Resumen Vanilla planifolia es atacada por F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae. Dado que no existen genotipos resistentes disponibles para los productores, éstos optan por el uso de fungicidas sintéticos para su control; sin embargo, no hay información sobre la respuesta del patógeno a estos productos comerciales. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar la respuesta de cepas de F. oxysporum, patógenas (nueve) y no patógenas (tres) de V. planifolia, a tres bencimidazoles (tiofanato metílico, benomilo y carbendazim) y a clorotalonil, así como las bases genéticas de la respuesta al fungicida mediante el estudio de las proteínas blanco de los mismos, la β-tubulina y la GPDH, respectivamente. Se observó que las 12 cepas estudiadas fueron susceptibles a los fungicidas benomilo y carbendazim, mientras que 11 de ellas fueron resistentes al tiofanato metílico y nueve al clorotalonil. No se encontraron diferencias entre el carácter patogénico o la procedencia de las cepas en relación con la susceptibilidad a los fungicidas. Se encontró que la resistencia al tiofanato metílico no es otorgada por una mutación puntual de la secuencia codificante de la β-tubulina, como se ha hipotetizado anteriormente; al parecer, pudiera estar más relacionada con la ausencia de motivos de la proteína. No se observó relación entre variación del gen GPDH con la resistencia o susceptibilidad de las cepas.

Abstract Vanilla planifolia is attacked by the fungus F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae. Since there are no resistant genotypes available to producers, they opt for the use of synthetic fungicides to control the disease, however, there is no information on a possible resistance of the pathogen to these commercial fungicides. The goal of the work was to analyze the response of F. oxysporum strains, pathogenic (nine) and non-pathogenic (three) of V. planifolia, to three fungicides of the benzimidazole family and to chlorothalonil, as well as the genetic bases by studying the target proteins of these active ingredients, β-tubulin and GPDH. It was observed that the 12 strains studied were susceptible to the fungicides benomyl and carbendazim, while 11 of them were resistant to thiophanate methyl and nine to chlorothalonil. No relationship was found between the pathogenic character or the origin of the strains and the susceptibility to fungicides. It was found that resistance to thiophanate methyl is not conferred by a point mutation of the β-tubulin coding sequence, as previously hypothesized; apparently, it could be more related to the absence of protein motifs. No relationship was observed between variation in the gene GPDH with the resistance or susceptibility of the strains.

Resumo A ultrassonografia com contraste de microbolhas é um método ainda pouco utilizado no Brasil, mas que tem grandes vantagens, ainda mais na faixa pediátrica, como ausência de radiação e dispensa de sedação/anestesia. O contraste de microbolhas tem se mostrado bastante seguro e com raríssimas reações adversas graves. Apresentaremos nesta revisão a técnica para o uso desse contraste na ultrassonografia, bem como as principais aplicações na faixa pediátrica, como avaliação das lesões hepáticas focais, do trauma abdominal, do enxerto hepático e renal nos transplantes, das alças intestinais e da pesquisa de refluxo vesicoureteral. É importante que radiologistas que exerçam funções em centros pediátricos conheçam essa ferramenta promissora.

Abstract Although contrast-enhanced ultrasound has been shown to provide considerable benefits, particularly in pediatric patients, it is still used relatively rarely in Brazil. It has proven to be a safe technique, and adverse effects are rare. In this review, we address the technique and main applications of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the pediatric population, including the evaluation of focal liver lesions, abdominal trauma, kidney grafts, liver grafts, bowel loops, and vesicoureteral reflux. It is important for pediatric radiologists to be acquainted with this promising tool, understanding its applications and limitations.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Symptomatic duplex kidneys usually present with recurrent urinary tract infection due to ureteral obstruction (megaureter, ureterocele or ectopic ureter) and/or vesicoureteral reflux. Upper-pole nephrectomy is a widely accepted procedure to correct symptomatic duplex systems with poor functioning moieties, also known as upper or proximal approach. The distal ureteral stump syndrome (DUSS) can be a late complication of this approach. There is no consensus upon the length of ureteral dissection and the better approach to symptomatic disease in duplex systems, so we aim to identify if extended ureteral dissection can prevent DUSS in top-down approach. Materials and Methods: Forty-four consecutive patients with symptomatic duplex system were retrospectively classified into two groups: those with limited ureteral excision after heminephrectomy (HN) (group-1) and those with extended ureterectomy after HN (group-2). Patients were followed-up for at least 36 months regarding outcomes of distal ureteral stump. Results: Overall complication was 20%. A total of 8 patients required unplanned further surgery in Group-1 (30%) whereas only 1 patient required unplanned surgery in group 2 (6%) (p=0.07). Subgroup analysis showed that Group-1 presented more DUSS requiring surgery during follow-up than group-2 (p=0.04). Factors possibly affecting complications incidence (such as ureterocele or ectopic ureter) did not differ between groups (p=0.72 and p=0.78). Conclusion: Upper pole nephrectomy should be performed with extended distal ureteral dissection to prevent ureteral stump complications.

RESUMEN Este trabajo examina el constitucionalismo dialógico propuesto por Roberto Gargarella cuando critica el fallo de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el caso Gelman. Una vez presentadas sus características, se mantiene que un modelo dialógico de tipo democrático debería ser más exigente en lo que atañe a la demanda de profundidad deliberativa y que la legitimidad democrática no es el parámetro de moralidad política central desde el cual valorar el funcionamiento de un sistema regional de derechos humanos. Se propone que el rol dialógico de un tribunal como la Corte Interamericana debe medirse en términos de legitimidad ecológica y subsidiariedad cooperativa, cuyos ejes son la eficacia protectora y el reconocimiento mutuo. Siguiendo esta visión, la justificación de la deferencia al criterio nacional se condiciona a la confiabilidad del Estado derivada de su satisfacción de tres responsabilidades cooperativas: imparcialidad, cultura democrática de la justificación y perspectiva convencional. Atendiendo a estas responsabilidades, se compara la Ley de Caducidad uruguaya con el sistema penal especial previsto en el Acuerdo de Paz colombiano.

ABSTRACT The paper examines the dialogic constitutionalism proposed by Robert Gargarella in his criticism to the holding of the the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the Gelman case. After introducing its main traits, I say that a dialogic model of a democratic nature should be more demanding with the demand of deliberative deepness and that democratic legitimacy is not the core parameter of political morality to assess the functioning of a regional system of human rights. I propose that the dialogic role of the Inter-American Court has to measured in terms of ecological legitimacy and cooperative subsidiarity, whose axes are protective efficacy and mutual recognition. The justification of deference to the national criterion is then subject to the State's reliability that comes from the satisfaction of three cooperative responsibilities: impartiality, democratic culture of justification and conventional perspective. I use these responsibilities to compare the Uruguayan Expiry Law with the special criminal system provided by the Colombian Peace Agreement.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe our experience in the management of retained encrusted ureteral stents using a single session combined endourological approach. Materials and Methods: Patients with retained encrusted ureteral stents who had been submitted to a single session combined endourological approach from June 2010 to June 2018 were prospectively evaluated. Patients were divided according to the Forgotten-Encrusted-Calcified (FECal) classification. The stone burden, surgical intervention, number of interventions until stone free status, operation time, hospital stay, complications, stone analysis, and stone-free rate were compared between groups. ANOVA was used to compare numerical variables, and the Mann-Whitney or Chi-square test to compare categorical variables between groups. Results: We evaluated 50 patients with a mean follow-up of 2.9±1.4 years (mean±SD). The groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, laterality, BMI, comorbidities, ASA, reason for stent passage, and indwelling time. The stone burden was higher for grades IV and V (p=0.027). Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was the most common procedure (p=0.004) for grades IV and V. The number of procedures until the patients were stone-free was 1.92±1.40, and the hospital stay (4.2±2.5 days), complications (22%), and stone analysis (66% calcium oxalate) were similar between groups. The stone-free rate was lower in grades III to V (60%, 54.5%, and 50%). Conclusions: The endoscopic combined approach in the supine position is a safe and feasible technique that allows removal of retained and encrusted stents in a single procedure. The FECal classification seems to be useful for surgical planning.

Resumo O mundo do trabalho vem passando por mudanças devido à globalização e ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, o que faz com que os profissionais precisem estar interligados e interdependentes. Soma-se a esta situação a pandemia covid-19, que exigiu o fortalecimento das habilidades no uso de plataformas virtuais e digitais para trabalho não presencial ou remoto. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi propor uma metodologia para avaliar a relevância do plano de estudos da carreira de Administração e a congruência das competências que os graduados adquirem no que diz respeito às percepções dos grupos de interesse na Região. El Salvador oriental. Esta é uma investigação sobre a episteme positivista da ciência, com ênfase no paradigma quantitativo em que participaram graduados entre 2010-2015, professores e empresários, aos quais foi aplicado um questionário adaptado do Projeto Tuning. América Latina para determinar a importância atribuída às competências genéricas para gerar empregabilidade ou capacidade empreendedora nos egressos nas condições do ambiente de trabalho. O questionário aplicado foi submetido a testes para determinar se seu desenho permitia um nível aceitável de confiabilidade para a coleta dos dados que seriam processados estatisticamente e a obtenção das informações que corroborassem as hipóteses de pesquisa. Os resultados demonstram alta confiabilidade e validade com as estatísticas alfa de Cronbach e KMO da metodologia proposta. A hipótese nula do teste Kruskal-Wallis não é rejeitada, o que significa que os planos de estudos do Bacharelado em Administração estão alinhados de acordo com as percepções de empregadores, professores e graduados. Em conclusão, a metodologia proposta pode servir de referência para a realização de estudos semelhantes em diferentes contextos da região com testes paramétricos e não paramétricos para adaptar os planos de estudos de carreiras universitárias aos respectivos ambientes de negócios, cada vez mais dinâmicos e demandantes.

Abstract The world of work has been undergoing changes due to globalization and technological development, requiring professionals to be interconnected and interdependent. In addition, the Covid-19 pandemic has emphasized those competences related to the use of virtual platforms for work in non-face to face work or remote work. The objective of this research is to propose a methodology that allows evaluating the relevance of curriculum of the Business Administration degree and the congruence of the competences that graduates acquire with respect to the perceptions of interest groups in eastern El Salvador. This investigation employs a positivist epistemology and quantitative methods, adapting a questionnaire used by the Tuning Latin America, to survey graduates, teachers, and business sector professionals to determine the importance they assign to generic competencies to generate employability or entrepreneurship capacity in graduates. The questionnaire used was tested to determine if its design allowed an acceptable level of reliability to collect the data that would be statistically processed and obtain the information to corroborate the research hypotheses. The results demonstrate high reliability and validity with the Cronbach's Alpha and KMO statistics of the proposed methodology. The null hypothesis is not rejected, which means that the curriculum of the Bachelor of Administration are aligned according to the perceptions of employers, teachers and graduates. In conclusion, the proposed methodology can serve as a reference to carry out similar studies in different contexts with parametric and non-parametric tests to adapt the curriculum of university careers with their respective business environments, which are increasingly dynamic and demanding.

Resumen El mundo del trabajo ha estado experimentando cambios debido a la globalización y al desarrollo tecnológico, lo que ha provocado en los profesionales la necesidad de estar interconectados e interdependientes. A esta situación se ha sumado la pandemia de covid-19, que ha exigido potenciar las competencias en el uso de plataformas virtuales y digitales para el trabajo en la modalidad no presencial o a distancia. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue proponer una metodología para evaluar la pertinencia del plan de estudio de la carrera de Administración de Empresas y la congruencia de las competencias que adquieren los graduados con respecto a las percepciones de los grupos de interés en la Región Oriental de El Salvador. Se trata de una investigación en la episteme positivista de la ciencia, con un enfoque con énfasis en el paradigma cuantitativo en la que participaron graduados entre los años 2010-2015, docentes y empresarios, a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario adaptado del Proyecto Tuning América Latina para determinar la importancia que confieren a las competencias genéricas para generar empleabilidad o capacidad de emprendimiento en los graduados en las condiciones del entorno laboral. El cuestionario aplicado fue sometido a pruebas para determinar si su diseño permitía un nivel de confiabilidad aceptable para recabar los datos que serían procesados estadísticamente y obtener la información para corroborar las hipótesis de la investigación. Los resultados demuestran una alta confiabilidad y validez con los estadísticos de alfa de Cronbach y de KMO de la metodología propuesta. La hipótesis nula de la prueba Kruskal-Wallis no se rechaza, lo que significa que los planes de estudio de la licenciatura en Administración están alineados según las percepciones de los empresarios, docentes y egresados. Como conclusión, la metodología propuesta puede servir de referencia para realizar estudios similares en diferentes contextos de la región con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas para adaptar los planes de estudio de las carreras universitarias a sus respectivos entornos empresariales, los cuales son cada vez más dinámicos y demandantes.

Resumo: O comércio ilícito de produtos de tabaco, ao possibilitar acesso a cigarros mais baratos, favorece a iniciação do tabagismo e dificulta sua cessação, minimizando os efeitos da política de preços e impostos sobre a redução da demanda por tabaco, sobretudo entre populações de menor renda e escolaridade, onde se concentra o tabagismo. Seu enfrentamento requer ações multissetoriais, alinhadas à Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde e seus protocolos, e respaldadas em estimativas de sua magnitude e na análise de suas características. O estudo pretende analisar, por meio de amostras de resíduos sólidos domiciliares coletados em 2018 no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, a conformidade das embalagens de cigarros descartadas com critérios para a sua comercialização regular no país, classificando-as como legais ou ilegais. A avaliação foi feita também para as 15 Áreas de Planejamento (AP) do município. Escolheu-se o Índice de Desenvolvimento Social (IDS) para representar as heterogeneidades entre as AP. O percentual médio de embalagens de cigarros ilegais encontrado foi de 26,79%, variando de 3,36% a 46,29% entre as AP. As AP com alta ilegalidade apresentavam menores IDS e menores percentuais de embalagens de cigarros legais com preço igual ou superior a R$ 7,25. Dentre as embalagens ilegais, 98,07% apresentavam o Paraguai como país fabricante. O estudo contribui metodologicamente para dimensionar o consumo de cigarros ilegais na segunda capital econômica do Brasil, subsidiando a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco no combate ao comércio ilícito de produtos de tabaco e na efetiva implementação da política de preços e impostos sobre estes produtos.

Abstract: The illicit trade of tobacco products, by enabling access to cheaper cigarettes, favors smoking initiation and hinders its cessation, minimizing the effects of price policy and taxes on reducing the demand for tobacco. This is especially the case among populations with lower income and schooling, where smoking is concentrated. Its confrontation requires multisectoral actions, aligned with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by estimates of the illicit trade magnitude and the analysis of its characteristics. This study analyzes, based on samples of household solid waste collected in 2018 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the conformity of discarded cigarette packages with criteria for their regular commercialization in Brazil, classifying them as legal or illegal. The evaluation was also carried out for the 15 Planning Areas (PA) of the municipality. The Social Progress Index (SPI) was chosen to represent heterogeneities among PA. The average percentage of illegal cigarette packs found was 26.79%, ranging from 3.36% to 46.29% among PA. The PAs with high illegality presented lower Social Progress Index and lower percentages of legal cigarette packages with a price equal to or greater than BRL 7.25. Among the illegal packages, 98.07% were manufactured in Paraguay. The study contributes methodologically to measure the consumption of illegal cigarettes in the second economic capital of Brazil, supporting the National Tobacco Control Policy in the struggle against illicit trade of tobacco products and in the effective implementation of the pricing and tax policy on these products.

Resumen: El comercio ilícito de productos del tabaco, al posibilitar el acceso a cigarrillos más baratos, favorece la iniciación del tabaquismo y dificulta la interrupción de su consumo, minimizando los efectos de la política de precios e impuestos sobre la reducción de la demanda de tabaco, sobre todo entre poblaciones de menor renta y escolaridad, donde se concentra el tabaquismo. Su combate requiere acciones multisectoriales, alineadas con la Convención-Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundia de la Salud, y sus protocolos, y respaldadas en estimaciones de su magnitud y en el análisis de sus características. El estudio pretende analizar, mediante muestras de residuos sólidos domiciliarios, recogidos en 2018 en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, la conformidad de los paquetes de cigarrillos tirados a la basura con criterios para su comercialización regular en el país, clasificándolos como legales o ilegales. La evaluación se realizó también para las 15 Áreas de Planificación (AP) del municipio. Se escogió el Índice de Desarrollo Social (IDS) para representar heterogeneidades entre las AP. El porcentaje medio de paquetes de cigarrillos ilegales encontrado fue de un 26,79%, variando de 3,36% a 46,29% entre las AP. Las AP con alta ilegalidad presentaban menores IDS y menores porcentajes de paquetes de cigarrillos legales con un precio igual o superior a BRL 7,25. Entre los embalajes ilegales, un 98,07% presentaban Paraguay como el país fabricante. El estudio contribuye metodológicamente para dimensionar el consumo de cigarrillos ilegales en la segunda capital económica de Brasil, apoyando la Política Nacional de Control del Tabaco en el combate al comercio ilícito de productos del tabaco y en la efectiva implementación de la política de precios e impuestos sobre estos productos.

Resumo: O comércio ilícito de produtos de tabaco, ao possibilitar acesso a cigarros mais baratos, favorece a iniciação do tabagismo e dificulta sua cessação, minimizando os efeitos da política de preços e impostos sobre a redução da demanda por tabaco, sobretudo entre populações de menor renda e escolaridade, onde se concentra o tabagismo. Seu enfrentamento requer ações multissetoriais, alinhadas à Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organização Mundial da Saúde e seus protocolos, e respaldadas em estimativas de sua magnitude e na análise de suas características. O estudo pretende analisar, por meio de amostras de resíduos sólidos domiciliares coletados em 2018 no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, a conformidade das embalagens de cigarros descartadas com critérios para a sua comercialização regular no país, classificando-as como legais ou ilegais. A avaliação foi feita também para as 15 Áreas de Planejamento (AP) do município. Escolheu-se o Índice de Desenvolvimento Social (IDS) para representar as heterogeneidades entre as AP. O percentual médio de embalagens de cigarros ilegais encontrado foi de 26,79%, variando de 3,36% a 46,29% entre as AP. As AP com alta ilegalidade apresentavam menores IDS e menores percentuais de embalagens de cigarros legais com preço igual ou superior a R$ 7,25. Dentre as embalagens ilegais, 98,07% apresentavam o Paraguai como país fabricante. O estudo contribui metodologicamente para dimensionar o consumo de cigarros ilegais na segunda capital econômica do Brasil, subsidiando a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco no combate ao comércio ilícito de produtos de tabaco e na efetiva implementação da política de preços e impostos sobre estes produtos.

Abstract: The illicit trade of tobacco products, by enabling access to cheaper cigarettes, favors smoking initiation and hinders its cessation, minimizing the effects of price policy and taxes on reducing the demand for tobacco. This is especially the case among populations with lower income and schooling, where smoking is concentrated. Its confrontation requires multisectoral actions, aligned with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by estimates of the illicit trade magnitude and the analysis of its characteristics. This study analyzes, based on samples of household solid waste collected in 2018 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the conformity of discarded cigarette packages with criteria for their regular commercialization in Brazil, classifying them as legal or illegal. The evaluation was also carried out for the 15 Planning Areas (PA) of the municipality. The Social Progress Index (SPI) was chosen to represent heterogeneities among PA. The average percentage of illegal cigarette packs found was 26.79%, ranging from 3.36% to 46.29% among PA. The PAs with high illegality presented lower Social Progress Index and lower percentages of legal cigarette packages with a price equal to or greater than BRL 7.25. Among the illegal packages, 98.07% were manufactured in Paraguay. The study contributes methodologically to measure the consumption of illegal cigarettes in the second economic capital of Brazil, supporting the National Tobacco Control Policy in the struggle against illicit trade of tobacco products and in the effective implementation of the pricing and tax policy on these products.

Resumen: El comercio ilícito de productos del tabaco, al posibilitar el acceso a cigarrillos más baratos, favorece la iniciación del tabaquismo y dificulta la interrupción de su consumo, minimizando los efectos de la política de precios e impuestos sobre la reducción de la demanda de tabaco, sobre todo entre poblaciones de menor renta y escolaridad, donde se concentra el tabaquismo. Su combate requiere acciones multisectoriales, alineadas con la Convención-Marco para el Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundia de la Salud, y sus protocolos, y respaldadas en estimaciones de su magnitud y en el análisis de sus características. El estudio pretende analizar, mediante muestras de residuos sólidos domiciliarios, recogidos en 2018 en el Municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, la conformidad de los paquetes de cigarrillos tirados a la basura con criterios para su comercialización regular en el país, clasificándolos como legales o ilegales. La evaluación se realizó también para las 15 Áreas de Planificación (AP) del municipio. Se escogió el Índice de Desarrollo Social (IDS) para representar heterogeneidades entre las AP. El porcentaje medio de paquetes de cigarrillos ilegales encontrado fue de un 26,79%, variando de 3,36% a 46,29% entre las AP. Las AP con alta ilegalidad presentaban menores IDS y menores porcentajes de paquetes de cigarrillos legales con un precio igual o superior a BRL 7,25. Entre los embalajes ilegales, un 98,07% presentaban Paraguay como el país fabricante. El estudio contribuye metodológicamente para dimensionar el consumo de cigarrillos ilegales en la segunda capital económica de Brasil, apoyando la Política Nacional de Control del Tabaco en el combate al comercio ilícito de productos del tabaco y en la efectiva implementación de la política de precios e impuestos sobre estos productos.